2025 on Ricky

Why is this running?

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 11:33:23 +0800

Why is this running?

Expose your local web server to the internet with a public URL.

Sat, 27 Dec 2025 15:24:41 +0800

Expose your local web server to the internet with a public URL.

Rainman Engineering Culture: Eight Interview Questions to Spot Excellence

Mon, 22 Dec 2025 08:40:00 +0800

Rainman Engineering Culture: Eight Interview Questions to Spot Excellence

CI/CD tools: collaborative GitLab/GitHub, or gate-heavy Gerrit/Jenkins?
Approval flow: how many boss sign-offs does a merge request (MR) need?
Environment isolation: separate Dev/Test/Prod environments, and can you switch/deploy with one click?
Deployment chain: from code to user-visible, how many steps? Automated or manual?
Monitoring: do alerts point to root cause, or are engineers digging through logs at night?
Config management: centralized with canary/gradual release, or scattered across code with manual edits?
Test coverage: a reliable automated “immune system,” or treat bugs as features and let users test in production?
Rollback: when production blows up, can you roll back within 5 minutes, or stay up all night with the team?

A fast and powerful log viewer and processor that converts JSON logs or logfmt logs into a clear human-readable format.

Sun, 14 Dec 2025 21:06:20 +0800

A fast and powerful log viewer and processor that converts JSON logs or logfmt logs into a clear human-readable format.

Convert your codebase into a single LLM prompt.

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 13:16:46 +0800

Convert your codebase into a single LLM prompt.

How to Install Fedora Linux on Surface Go 2 to Boost Entry-Level Tablet Performance

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 10:18:47 +0800

How to Install Fedora Linux on Surface Go 2 to Boost Entry-Level Tablet Performance

Surface Go 2 (Intel Pentium 4425Y, 4G/64G) WiFi edition

For Surface Go 2 hardware support, see this GitHub table: Supported Devices and Features

Create a Linux boot drive

Download the ISO from the Fedora KDE official site.
Use Ventoy to create a boot drive.
Surface Go 2 only has Type-C ports, so you may need a hub. It cannot boot from an SD card.

Install Linux

Shut down the Surface Go 2.
Hold the power button and volume up to enter UEFI. The interface is touch-capable, but you may still need a physical keyboard for installation.
Fedora supports Secure Boot, but it is recommended to disable it to avoid manual signing when installing drivers.
Set the boot order to the USB drive.
Boot and follow the installer. Choose to wipe the disk and install Fedora.
For Chinese input, install Fcitx5:
- sudo dnf install fcitx5 fcitx5-chewing fcitx5-gtk3 fcitx5-gtk4 fcitx5-qt fcitx5-qt6 fcitx5-configtool
Tip: Fedora enables zRAM by default. If the Surface Go has limited RAM, edit /etc/systemd/zram-generator.conf to increase SWAP size (MB).
- [zram0]
- zram-size = 8192

Install the linux-surface kernel

Follow the GitHub instructions. On Fedora, add the linux-surface repo to the system:
- sudo dnf config-manager addrepo --from-repofile=https://pkg.surfacelinux.com/fedora/linux-surface.repo
Install the linux-surface kernel and reboot:
- sudo dnf install --allowerasing kernel-surface iptsd libwacom-surface
Use uname -a to verify the kernel is switched; it should show linux-surface.
Fedora updates kernels frequently, so new kernels may override the linux-surface kernel. After installing the linux-surface packages, the linux-surface-default-watchdog.path service is enabled automatically to ensure linux-surface is used on boot.

Using the virtual keyboard on KDE

Enable it in System Settings → Keyboard → Virtual Keyboard. Note that this keyboard cannot be used with Fcitx5.

VSCode Integration with DevSpace for Debugging!

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 15:16:12 +0800

Install required tools 📦

# Check Go version
go version

# Install the Delve debugger
go install github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv@latest

# Check DevSpace version
devspace version

# Install VSCode Go extensions
code --install-extension golang.go
code --install-extension devspace.devspace

Project structure design 📁

.
├── cmd
│ └── main.go
├── devspace.yaml
├── Dockerfile.dev
├── Dockerfile.prod
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
├── internal
│ ├── handler.go
│ ├── model.go
│ └── service.go
├── k8s
│ └── dev
│ ├── deployment.yaml
│ └── service.yaml
├── main
└── start-dev.sh

Prepare the Go application 🚀

First, build a simple but practical Go application with a few API endpoints so you can test breakpoints.

Harden a Server with Fail2Ban + nftables

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 16:45:51 +0800

Harden a Server with Fail2Ban + nftables

parqeye

Tue, 18 Nov 2025 20:49:44 +0800

parqeye

install methods

cargo install parqeye
brew install kaushiksrini/parqeye/parqeye

Mosdns-X

Sun, 09 Nov 2025 20:32:00 +0800

install

bash <(curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lidebyte/bashshell/refs/heads/main/mosdns-x-manager.sh)

config

sudo tee /etc/mosdns-x/config.yaml > /dev/null <<'EOF'
# mosdns-x concurrent query (no split routing) config

log:
 level: info
 file: /var/log/mosdns-x/mosdns-x.log

plugins:
 # Cache plugin
 - tag: cache
 type: cache
 args:
 size: 1024
 lazy_cache_ttl: 1800

 # Concurrent upstreams: take the first usable answer
 - tag: forward_all
 type: fast_forward
 args:
 upstream:
 # AliDNS
 - addr: "udp://223.5.5.5"
 - addr: "tls://dns.alidns.com"

 # DNSPod / doh.pub
 - addr: "udp://119.29.29.29"
 - addr: "tls://dot.pub"

 # Cloudflare
 - addr: "udp://1.1.1.1"
 - addr: "tls://cloudflare-dns.com"

 # Google
 - addr: "udp://8.8.8.8"
 - addr: "tls://dns.google"

 # Main pipeline: small cache -> concurrent selection
 - tag: main
 type: sequence
 args:
 exec:
 - cache
 - forward_all

# Listen on dual-stack UDP/TCP 53
servers:
 - exec: main
 listeners:
 - addr: :53
 protocol: udp
 - addr: :53
 protocol: tcp
EOF

systemd

sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/mosdns.service > /dev/null <<'EOF'
[Unit]
Description=Mosdns-X DNS Accelerator
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
Group=root
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/mosdns-x start --as-service -d /usr/local/bin -c /etc/mosdns-x/config.yaml
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
StandardOutput=journal
StandardError=journal
SyslogIdentifier=mosdns

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now mosdns

# Backup system DNS
sudo cp -n /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf.mosdns-backup

# Switch to local Mosdns-X
echo -e "nameserver 127.0.0.1\noptions edns0" | sudo tee /etc/resolv.conf

# If port 53 is occupied by systemd-resolved, disable it
sudo systemctl disable --now systemd-resolved 2>/dev/null || true

# If you also want to lock it (prevent DHCP changes), run chattr too:
echo -e "nameserver 127.0.0.1\n" > /etc/resolv.conf && chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf

# Check process status
sudo systemctl status mosdns --no-pager

# Test resolution speed (second run should hit cache)
dig +stats www.google.com
dig +stats www.baidu.com

# View logs in real time
tail -f /var/log/mosdns-x/mosdns-x.log

go-synctest

Fri, 07 Nov 2025 14:06:00 +0800

go-synctest

func TestAfterFunc(t *testing.T) {
 synctest.Test(t, func(*testing.T) {
 ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())

 called := false
 context.AfterFunc(ctx, func() { called = true })

 synctest.Wait() // Wait until all goroutines are blocked
 if called {
 t.Fatal("AfterFunc was called before cancel")
 }

 cancel()

 synctest.Wait() // Wait again
 if !called {
 t.Fatal("AfterFunc was not called after cancel")
 }
 })
}

onion-mirror

Thu, 30 Oct 2025 17:49:44 +0800

onion-mirror

Install Tor

sudo apt update
sudo apt install tor

Configure Tor

# Disable SOCKS proxy since we aren't making outbound connections
# through Tor
SocksPort 0
# Make sure Tor runs as a daemon (i.e. in the background)
RunAsDaemon 1
# Setup the hidden service on port 80, this is where we tell Tor to
# create a .onion service for our web server
HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/hidden_service/
HiddenServicePort 80
# Disable inbound connections, since we aren't running a relay or
# exit node
ORPort 0
# Disable directory services, since we won't be mirroring directory
# information to other Tor nodes
DirPort 0

sudo systemctl restart tor

Get Your .onion Address

sudo cat /var/lib/tor/hidden_service/hostname

Configure Caddy

http://jytkco7clxwj4hhzaydhk4kr3hwzsdzyvtsc6zn2ivog5uma5pxowzad.onion:80 {
# Set up a reverse proxy, or serve static files, etc.
}

Advertise Your .onion Address

header {
Onion-Location http://jytkco7clxwj4hhzaydhk4kr3hwzsdzyvtsc6zn2ivog5uma5pxowzad.onion{uri}
}

NGINX Native ACME Support: Rethinking TLS Automation from the Ground Up

Mon, 20 Oct 2025 16:31:00 +0800

NGINX Native ACME Support: Rethinking TLS Automation from the Ground Up

`ngx_http_acme_module`

NGINX 1.25.1

Pre-install

# Install build tools and NGINX dependencies on Debian/Ubuntu
sudo apt update
sudo apt install build-essential libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev libssl-dev pkg-config libclang-dev git -y

# Install the Rust toolchain (cargo and rustc)
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
source $HOME/.cargo/env

mkdir -pv /app/nginx/{logs,conf,cache, acme} /app/nginx-build
cd /app/nginx-build

# Clone the ACME module source
git clone https://github.com/nginx/nginx-acme.git /app/nginx-build/nginx-acme
# Or
# git clone git@github.com:nginx/nginx-acme.git /app/nginx-build/nginx-acme

# Download the NGINX source (replace with the version you need)
wget https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz
tar -zxf nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz

Compile

cd nginx-1.28.0
./configure \
 --prefix=/app/nginx \
 --error-log-path=/app/nginx/error.log \
 --http-log-path=/app/nginx/access.log \
 --pid-path=/app/nginx/nginx.pid \
 --lock-path=/app/nginx/nginx.lock \
 --http-client-body-temp-path=/app/nginx/cache/client_temp \
 --http-proxy-temp-path=/app/nginx/cache/proxy_temp \
 --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/app/nginx/cache/fastcgi_temp \
 --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/app/nginx/cache/uwsgi_temp \
 --http-scgi-temp-path=/app/nginx/cache/scgi_temp \
 --user=nginx \
 --group=nginx \
 --with-compat \
 --with-file-aio \
 --with-threads \
 --with-http_addition_module \
 --with-http_auth_request_module \
 --with-http_dav_module \
 --with-http_flv_module \
 --with-http_gunzip_module \
 --with-http_gzip_static_module \
 --with-http_mp4_module \
 --with-http_random_index_module \
 --with-http_realip_module \
 --with-http_secure_link_module \
 --with-http_slice_module \
 --with-http_ssl_module \
 --with-http_stub_status_module \
 --with-http_sub_module \
 --with-http_v2_module \
 --with-http_v3_module \
 --with-mail \
 --with-mail_ssl_module \
 --with-stream \
 --with-stream_realip_module \
 --with-stream_ssl_module \
 --with-stream_ssl_preread_module \
 --with-cc-opt='-g -O2 -ffile-prefix-map=/home/builder/debuild/nginx-1.28.0/debian/debuild-base/nginx-1.28.0=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC' \
 --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -Wl,--as-needed -pie' \
 --add-dynamic-module=/app/nginx-build/nginx-acme

make && \
 make modules && \
 make install

# Run the configure script; the key is --add-dynamic-module
# Note: include all existing NGINX build flags; see nginx -V
# Build the module; note it is make modules, not make install

Config

# /app/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user nginx;
error_log error.log debug;
pid nginx.pid;

load_module modules/ngx_http_acme_module.so;

events {
 worker_connections 1024;
 multi_accept on;
}

http {
 include mime.types;
 default_type application/octet-stream;
 log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$host" "$request" '
 '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
 '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

 access_log access.log main;
 sendfile on;
 tcp_nopush on;
 charset utf-8;
 keepalive_timeout 65;
 gzip on;

 resolver 8.8.8.8 1.1.1.1;
 # Define an ACME issuer instance named letsencrypt
 acme_issuer letsencrypt {
 # Set the ACME directory URL; this is Let's Encrypt production
 uri https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory;
 # Provide a contact email for CA notices (e.g., expiration)
 contact mailto:security-alerts@aidig.co;
 # State file path for ACME account key material
 state_path acme/letsencrypt;
 # Accept the terms of service; required for Let's Encrypt
 accept_terms_of_service;
 }
 # Optional acme_shared_zone stores certs, keys, and challenges for issuers.
 # Default size is 256K; increase as needed.
 acme_shared_zone zone=acme_shared:1M;

 server {
 listen 443 ssl;
 server_name ssl.aidig.co;

 # Step 1: enable ACME for this server and select the letsencrypt issuer
 acme_certificate letsencrypt;
 # Step 2: use dynamic variables managed in memory by the ACME module
 ssl_certificate $acme_certificate;
 ssl_certificate_key $acme_certificate_key;
 ssl_certificate_cache max=2; # required ngx 1.27.4+

 location / {
 default_type text/plain;
 return 200 'OK';
 }
 }

 server {
 listen 80 default_server;
 server_name _;

 # ACME handles /.well-known/acme-challenge/ automatically; this is for all other requests
 location / {
 return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
 }
 }
}

Reduce the Chance of Home Web Services Being Reported

Thu, 02 Oct 2025 09:54:00 +0800

Reduce the Chance of Home Web Services Being Reported
When a plaintext request hits an HTTPS service, Nginx returns a special 497 status code. If that happens, we want Nginx to close the connection and return no response. This requires another non-standard status code 444. Combining the two, add the following config in the server:

error_page 497 @close;

location @close {
 return 444;
}

Use the error_page directive to map 497 to the virtual path @close. When Nginx handles @close, it returns 444 and closes the connection.

Privacy Badger: A Free EFF Browser Extension to Block Online Tracking

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 16:41:00 +0800

Privacy Badger: A Free EFF Browser Extension to Block Online Tracking

Containers From Scratch by Golang (feat. Liz Rice)

Wed, 10 Sep 2025 09:50:00 +0800

As we enhance the functionality of our small program, we will explore the following topics, allowing us to create a basic simulation of a non-production container environment.

UTS Namespace
Chroot
PID Namespace
Mount Namespace
Control Group
Rootless Container

A Brief Look at Go Iterators

Sat, 06 Sep 2025 21:30:00 +0800

A Brief Look at Go Iterators

type Seq[V any] func(yield func(V) bool)
type Seq2[K, V any] func(yield func(K, V) bool)

Docker Containers Can't Access the Internet? NAT Configuration Guide for nftables

Wed, 03 Sep 2025 09:03:00 +0800

Docker Containers Can’t Access the Internet? NAT Configuration Guide for nftables

Dedicated Server CPU Frequency Maximization Guide

Tue, 02 Sep 2025 08:24:00 +0800

Dedicated Server CPU Frequency Maximization Guide

Check which CPU mode is in use

Prerequisites System: Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Proxmox, etc.)

Privileges: root

CPU: supports dynamic frequency scaling (Intel Xeon, AMD EPYC / Ryzen, etc.)

governor

cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor

powersave: low-power mode (locked low frequency, power-saving but weak)
ondemand: on-demand boost (only boosts when needed, may respond a bit slowly)
performance: full performance (this is what we want)

Check which driver the kernel uses (Intel / AMD)

cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_driver

6首國際最強公認催眠曲

Fri, 29 Aug 2025 15:58:00 +0800

6 首國際最強公認催眠曲

Marconi Union - Weightless
432Hz (深度治癒身心靈連接宇宙能量)
Clair de Lune
Deep sleep delta waves - Binaural beats sleep (30 分鐘版本)
Erik SATIE - Gymnopédie No. 1 (鋼琴慢速版)
Himalayan Healing - Tibetan Singing Bowls Meditation (15 分鐘版本)

Use LinuxServer.io Docker Images to Turn Desktop Apps into Web Apps

Fri, 01 Aug 2025 15:52:00 +0800

Gluetun: Route Docker Containers Through a VPN, Disconnect on No Network

Fri, 01 Aug 2025 15:51:00 +0800

Gluetun: Route Docker Containers Through a VPN, Disconnect on No Network

Gluetun

OpenVPN

services:
 gluetun:
 image: qmcgaw/gluetun
 container_name: gluetun
 restart: unless-stopped
 cap_add:
 - NET_ADMIN
 devices:
 - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
 ports:
 - 8888:8888/tcp # HTTP proxy
 - 8388:8388/tcp # Shadowsocks
 - 8388:8388/udp # Shadowsocks
 volumes:
 - /home/user/gluetun:/gluetun
 environment: # Fill in based on your VPN provider's OpenVPN config
 - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=protonvpn
 - VPN_TYPE=openvpn
 - OPENVPN_USER= # OpenVPN username
 - OPENVPN_PASSWORD= # OpenVPN password
 - SERVER_COUNTRIES=United Kingdom # Set server country, separated by commas
 networks: # (Optional) fixed IP for the Gluetun container
 network:
 ipv4_address: 172.27.0.5

networks: # (Optional) fixed IP for the Gluetun container
 network:
 driver: bridge
 ipam:
 config:
 - subnet: 172.27.0.0/16
 gateway: 172.27.0.5

WireGuard

services:
 gluetun:
 image: qmcgaw/gluetun
 container_name: gluetun
 restart: unless-stopped
 cap_add:
 - NET_ADMIN
 devices:
 - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
 ports:
 - 8888:8888/tcp # HTTP proxy
 - 8388:8388/tcp # Shadowsocks
 - 8388:8388/udp # Shadowsocks
 volumes:
 - /home/user/gluetun:/gluetun
 environment:
 - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=protonvpn # Fill in based on your VPN provider's WireGuard config
 - VPN_TYPE=wireguard
 - WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY= # Preshared key
 - WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY= # Private key
 - WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES= # Set IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, separated by commas
 - SERVER_COUNTRIES=United Kingdom # Set server country, separated by commas
 networks: # (Optional) fixed IP for the Gluetun container
 network:
 ipv4_address: 172.27.0.5

networks: # (Optional) fixed IP for the Gluetun container
 network:
 driver: bridge
 ipam:
 config:
 - subnet: 172.27.0.0/16
 gateway: 172.27.0.5

Let containers use Gluetun’s VPN connection

If the service and Gluetun are in the same docker-compose, add network mode: network_mode: “service:gluetun”
If the service is in a different docker-compose from Gluetun, add network_mode: “container:gluetun”
Open Gluetun’s docker-compose file and re-add the service ports you need (e.g. 8080)
Start Gluetun first, then start services that should use Gluetun’s VPN connection
The container’s public IP should match the VPN server you selected

Go Practical Guide: Execute Lua Scripts with go-redis

Tue, 22 Jul 2025 16:56:00 +0800

Go Practical Guide: Execute Lua Scripts with go-redis

Redis command Eval
Redis package redis.NewScript, script.Run

TIL: timeout in Bash scripts

Thu, 12 Jun 2025 09:04:00 +0800

TIL: timeout in Bash scripts
timeout 1m ./until.sh
wrap

timeout 1m bash -c "until curl --silent --fail-with-body 10.0.0.1:8080/health; do
 sleep 1
done"

TaigiTube - Taiwanese Hokkien YouTube

Thu, 08 May 2025 08:43:00 +0800

TaigiTube - Taiwanese Hokkien YouTube

I use Zip Bombs to Protect my Server

Sat, 03 May 2025 11:24:00 +0800

I use Zip Bombs to Protect my Server
What happens is, they receive the file, read the header that instructs them that it is a compressed file. So they try to decompress the 1MB file to find whatever content they are looking for. But the file expands, and expands, and expands, until they run out of memory and their server crashes. The 1MB file decompresses into a 1GB. This is more than enough to break most bots. However, for those pesky scripts that won’t stop, I serve them the 10MB file. This one decompresses into 10GB and instantly kills the script.

Everyone Needs an HTTP Proxy to Debug

Fri, 25 Apr 2025 16:58:00 +0800

Everyone Needs an HTTP Proxy to Debug

Why are QR Codes with capital letters smaller than QR codes with lower-case letters?

Wed, 23 Apr 2025 15:45:00 +0800

Why are QR Codes with capital letters smaller than QR codes with lower-case letters?
If you want the smallest possible physical size for a QR code which contains a URl, make sure the text is all in capital letters.

Marp教學：Markdown搭配VS Code做簡報，快速輸出為PPTX或PDF，提昇做簡報效率

Tue, 08 Apr 2025 09:12:00 +0800

Marp 教學：Markdown 搭配 VS Code 做簡報，快速輸出為 PPTX 或 PDF，提昇做簡報效率

Install ‘Marp for VS Code’
在 Markdown 最前面的 FrontMatter，插入以下屬性，啟用 Marp，並開啟顯示頁數功能

---
marp:true
paginate: true
---

Markdown 文字都是直排排列的，需要換行請加上\。
輸入三條橫線---分隔投影片。
插入註解請用語法。

Go Protobuf: The New Opaque API

Mon, 07 Apr 2025 13:53:00 +0800

[Translated] Go Protobuf: The New Opaque API

protoc --proto_path=. \
 --go_out=./ \
+ --go_opt=default_api_level=API_OPAQUE \

macOS Tips & Tricks

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 16:05:00 +0800

macOS Tips & Tricks

General

Native UI Conventions

Press ⇧⌘/ to search all of the current app’s menu items. Then use the Up/Down arrow keys to navigate the results and press Return to execute that menu bar action.
Press ⌃F2 to move keyboard focus to the application’s menu bar. Start typing the first few letters of a menu title to jump to that menu.
Hold the Option key while expanding an outline view to recursively expand all children. (The easiest place to test this is in Finder’s List view.)
On modal dialogs/sheets, press Command + the first letter of the button to press that button. ⌘. is the shortcut equivalent of the Escape key.
Hold Control and Option while clicking on a window to switch focus to that window without raising it.
Hold Command while dragging a toolbar icon to move it to a new position.
By default, clicking inside a scroll bar will scroll partially towards the clicked location. Hold Option while clicking in the scroll bar to jump directly to the clicked location.
Hold Option while dragging the scroller to slowly scroll.
In a scroll view, use the Up/Down keys to scroll in small increments. Hold Option to scroll in larger increments, and hold Command to scroll to the beginning or end.
Hold Option while pressing the Page Up/Page Down keys to also move the cursor while scrolling.
In a text field that treats the Tab key as an input, press Control-Tab and Control-Shift-Tab to move focus to the previous or next control.
Press ⌃⌘D while holding the pointer over a word to view an inline dictionary definition of the word.
Press ⌃F6 to move focus to a floating window.
To quickly find text, select some text and press ⌘E followed by ⌘G.
Press ⌃⌫ to delete only the accent mark from the previous character (e.g. é will become e).
In Fonts windows, enter *X to scale the current font size, e.g. *1.5.
When entering text, press ⌥⇧K (on U.S. keyboards) to insert an Apple logo.
Hold Command while dragging a Picture-in-Picture (PiP) video player to move it anywhere without having it snap to one of the screen corners.

Screenshots

After pressing ⇧⌘4 and while drawing the screen capture area, hold Option while resizing to resize from the center, and hold Shift while resizing to adjust only one axis. After drawing the area, hold the Space bar and drag to move the selected area.
After pressing ⇧⌘4, hold Control while taking the screenshot to copy to the clipboard instead of saving to file.
After pressing ⇧⌘4, press the Space bar to select a window to screenshot. Hold down Option while taking the screenshot to remove the window’s shadow.
Right click on the floating screenshot preview to access additional actions.

Open/Save Dialogs

Drag a file or folder from Finder into an open/save dialog to jump directly to that file.
In save dialogs, press ⌘= to switch between the compact and expanded layout.
In save dialogs, press ⌘⌫ to activate the Delete button, ⌘D to activate the Don’t Save button, and ⌘. (or Esc) to activate the Cancel button.
Press ~ to open a Go To File dialog prefilled with the home directory. Press / to open it prefilled with the root directory.
Press ⌘R to reveal the selected item in Finder.

Mission Control / Window Management

When a window is inactive, use the Command key to interact with it without making it active.
Hold Control when pressing the Mission Control function key to only show the current app’s windows. Hold Command when pressing the Mission Control function key to show the desktop.
Hold Option while double-clicking a window’s corner to expand the window to fill the screen.
Option-Click to switch windows while hiding the previous app. Command-Option-Click to switch windows and hide all other apps.
In the Command-Tab app switcher, press the Up or Down arrow keys (or the 1 key) on an app to view that app’s windows.
In the Command-Tab app switcher, hold Option while switching to an app to un-minimize all its windows.
Press ⌘` to cycle between windows of the foreground application.
Press ⌃F4 to cycle between windows across all applications in the current desktop space.
Drag a window to the top of the screen and push it against the top of the screen to enter Mission Control with that window selected.
Press ⌥⌘W or hold Option while clicking the red close button, to close all of the foreground application’s open windows.
Press ⌥⌘M, or hold Option while clicking the yellow minimize button, to minimize all of the foreground application’s open windows.
Hold Option while clicking the green zoom button to fill the window to the screen instead of entering full-screen mode.
When configuring Hot Corners in System Settings, hold any or all of Control, Option, Command, or Shift to only activate the corner while the selected keys are also held down.
On a trackpad, use two fingers to double-tap (tap, not click) on an app’s Dock icon to show all of the app’s windows. Alternatively, perform the App Exposé trackpad gesture over an app’s Dock icon.
Hold Option while resizing a window to resize from the center of the window. Hold Shift while resizing a window to lock the aspect ratio.
Double-click a window’s border to resize that edge to fill the screen. Hold Option while double-clicking to expand both edges.
In Mission Control, perform a scroll up over a group of app windows to reveal the individual windows. Press the Space bar while holding the pointer over any window to magnify it.
In Mission Control, Option-click another desktop space to switch to that space while staying in Mission Control.
In Mission Control, drag the application icon underneath the windows to move all of an app’s windows to another space.
In Mission Control app window mode, press Tab and Shift-Tab to switch applications.
If a window was minimized in a different space, hold Command while un-minimizing to restore it to the current space.
Hold Option while un-minimizing a window to un-minimize all windows from that app.
If an app has windows in multiple spaces, click the app’s Dock icon repeatedly to cycle through the spaces with that app’s windows.
If keyboard shortcuts are enabled for switching desktop spaces, pressing a shortcut while clicking and holding a window will move the window to that space.
In Stage Manager, hold Shift while clicking on a window to add that window to the current stage instead of replacing it.

Function Keys

Hold down Shift and Option when changing the volume or brightness to make smaller adjustments.
Hold down Option while changing the brightness to quickly open Display settings, or while changing the volume to open Sound settings.
Hold down Shift while changing the volume to audibly preview the volume level.
When connected to an external display, hold down Control while changing the brightness to adjust the brightness of the non-active display.
Press and hold down on the Mission Control function key to automatically exit Mission Control after letting go of the key.

Hold Option while opening the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth menus to access extra options.
Hold Command while dragging a menu bar icon to move it to a new position.
Add new menu bar items by dragging icons from Control Center to the menu bar.
Option-click the date/time in the menu bar to toggle Do Not Disturb.
Right-click a widget to change its size.
On a trackpad, swipe horizontally with two fingers over a notification to dismiss that notification.

Finder

After copying a file, press ⌥⌘V to move the file instead of pasting a copy of it.
Press ⌃⌘N with multiple files selected to create a new folder with those items.
Press Tab and Shift-Tab to navigate through files alphabetically, regardless of the current sort ordering (only in Icons and List view).
Hold Option while activating Quick Look to immediately launch into full-screen view.
After opening Quick Look with multiple files selected, press ⌘⏎ to display a grid view of all items. Use the arrow keys to navigate and press Return to select an item to focus on.
In Quick Look, right-click on the “Open with” button to select a different app to use to open the file.
In Columns view, hold Option while resizing a column to simultaneously resize all columns.
In Columns view, double-click a column separator to auto-resize that column. Hold Option while double-clicking on any separator to auto-resize all columns.
In Columns view, click the empty space at the bottom of a folder to go to the parent folder.
In Columns view, and when in a deeply nested file, press Shift-Tab and Tab to navigate through the parent directories without losing the path to the file.
Hold Option while dragging a file to make a new copy instead of moving the original. Hold Command and Option to create an alias to the file.
In List view, press ⌘+ and ⌘- to increase and decrease the row size.
In List view, press ⌥↑ and ⌥↓ to select the top-most and bottom-most item.
In List view, use the Left and Right arrow keys to collapse and expand directories. When a file is selected, press the Left arrow key to jump to the parent folder.
Press ⌘I to show the inspector for the current file. Press ⌥⌘I to show a floating inspector that updates with the selected file.
Press ⌥⌘C to copy the full pathname of the currently selected file.
Press ⇧⌘. to toggle showing hidden files.
Press ⌥⌘⌫ to immediately delete a file without sending it to the Trash.
Merge folders by holding Option while dragging one folder on top of another folder.
Set a custom icon for a folder by copying the new icon, inspecting the folder (⌘I), and pasting the icon by selecting the folder icon in the upper-left of the inspector window and pressing ⌘V.
Drag selected text into a Finder window to quickly create and save a text clipping. (Text clippings are text files that can’t be edited and don’t require a filename to be saved.)
Press ⌥⌘O to open the selected file and automatically close the Finder window.
Press ⌥⇧⌘V to paste an item while preserving the file permission flags.
Hold Command while dragging an icon in Icon view to align it to a grid.
Restart Finder by holding Option while right-clicking the Finder dock icon and selecting Relaunch.
Drag a folder to the new tab button (only visible if multiple tabs are already open) to open the folder in a new tab.
Press ⌃⌘↑ to open the parent folder in a new window.
If the toolbar is hidden (⌥⌘T), Finder will open folders in a new window.
Press ⌘R with an image selected to rotate it clockwise, and ⌘L to rotate it counter-clockwise.

Dock

Press ⌥⌘D to hide and show the dock.
Press ⌃F3 to move keyboard focus to the Dock. Then use the Left and Right arrow keys to select an app, or type the first few letters of an app. Press Enter to open the selected app, or press the Up arrow key to open the app’s menu.
Hold Control and Shift while mousing over the Dock to temporarily turn on magnification.
Quickly move the Dock to a different side of the screen by holding Shift while dragging the resize handle.
Hold Option while resizing the Dock to resize in multiples of 16 points.
Hold Option and Command while clicking a running app’s Dock icon to hide all other applications.
Open a file in a specific application by dragging the file to the application’s Dock icon. If the application doesn’t accept the file type by default, force open the file by holding Option and Command while dragging the file.
If a dock icon is bouncing repeatedly, stop the bouncing by mousing over the icon.
Hold Control and Command when right-clicking a Dock icon to only see the default system menu options.
Hold Option and Command when clicking on a folder in the Dock to open the folder in a new Finder window.
To open multiple items from a stack, hold Option while selecting an item to open it in the background while keeping the stack open.
After opening a stack, hover the cursor over an item and press the Space bar to preview the item with quick look.
Right-click the Launchpad dock icon to open an app from an inline menu.
In Launchpad, hold Option to enter “jiggle mode” to re-arrange and delete apps.
To add AirDrop to the Dock, navigate to /System/Library/CoreServices/Finder.app/Contents/Applications in Finder and drag the AirDrop icon to the Dock.

Spotlight

Press ⌘B to search the web for the current query.
Press ⌘C to copy the full path to the selected file, or to copy the result of the current calculation.
Press ⌘D to open the Dictionary app with the current query.
Press ⌘L to jump to the dictionary section in the results (if present).
Press ⌘⏎ or ⌘R to reveal the selected file in Finder.
Use the name: filter to only search in the filename.
Add kind:folder to only search for folder names.
Hold Command to show the path to the currently selected file.

Safari

Tab groups organize tabs spatially. Use ⌥⌘{↑,↓,←,→} to navigate tabs in 2D space.
When a video is playing, right click the speaker icon in the address bar or tab to enter Picture-in-Picture (PiP) mode.
Hold Option while closing a tab to close all other tabs except the current tab.
Click and hold the back button to see recent browsing history. Hold Option to see page URLs instead of page titles.
Drag selected text onto the Safari dock icon to quickly search the web for that text.
Press ⇧⌘T to re-open the most recently closed tab or window.
Click and hold on the new tab icon in the toolbar to view recently closed tabs.
Press the Space bar at the beginning of the address bar to change the search engine and to see recent web searches.
Add kind:bookmark to Spotlight searches to search Safari bookmarks and browsing history.
Shift-click a link to add it to Reading List.
Click and hold a bookmark in the bookmarks bar to edit its display title.
Option-click the reload icon or press ⌥⌘R to force a fresh reload of the current webpage.
Right-click the reader icon in the address bar to automatically turn on Reader Mode for all pages on the current website.
After performing a web search and opening a result in the same tab, press ⌥⌘S to go back to the search results page.
Press ⇧⌘I to create a new email message with the contents of the current page.
Hold Option over the History > Clear History menu item to only clear browsing history while preserving website data.
Press ⌃⌘D while hovering over a link to open an inline preview of the link.

Mail

Command-click multiple mailboxes in the left sidebar to simultaneously view all messages from the selected mailboxes.
Select part of a message’s text before replying or forwarding to only include the selected text in the new message.
Drag a file to the Mail dock icon to compose a new message with the file already attached.
Press ⌥⇧⌘N to create a new tab.
Press the Space bar at the end of a message to go to the next message. Hold Shift while pressing the Space bar at the top of a message to go to the previous message.
Start typing the first few characters of the sender, subject, or body to jump to that message in the messages list.
Press ⌥⌘↑ and ⌥⌘↓ to jump to the top-most or bottom-most message in the messages list.
Save an extra copy of an important message by dragging it to the Finder.
If a message bounces, use Message > Send Again on the bounced message to re-send it to a different address.
To add a message to multiple folders, hold Command while dragging the message to each folder.
Press ⇧⌘C to assign a color to a message.
Drag a message into the Notes or Reminders app to add a link to the message.
Press ⌘R and ⇧⌘R while replying to a message to switch between reply and reply-all.
Press ⌥⌫ to delete a message without automatically opening the next message.
Command-click on the currently selected message to unselect it.
If a message has already been replied to, click on the reply icon in the message list to open the reply in a new window.
When creating a new mailbox, add a forward slash to create a nested mailbox.
After performing a search, select a mailbox from the left sidebar to filter the search to that mailbox.
Hold Shift while launching Mail to reset the index.

Preview

Press ` to bring up a magnifier, and then press + and - to resize it.
In a PDF document, re-order the pages in the document by re-ordering the pages in the sidebar.
Merge two PDF documents by dragging pages from one document’s sidebar to the other document’s sidebar.
In the save dialog for an image, hold Option while opening the Format menu to access an extended list of formats.
Hold Option and the Space bar to activate the pan tool.
Hold Option while in text selection mode to switch to rectangular text selection.

Calendar

Hold Shift while dragging an event to set a more precise time instead of snapping to 15-minute intervals.
Click and hold the Accept button in a calendar invite to change which calendar the event is accepted to.
Hold Option while pressing the Accept button in a calendar invite to accept all events.
Hold Command while clicking any calendar’s checkbox in the left sidebar to show or hide all calendars.
Hold Command and Option while clicking a calendar’s checkbox to only show that calendar.
Add kind:event to Spotlight searches to search calendar events.
Resize the mini-calendar in the bottom-left to preview more months.
With an event selected, press ⌃⌥↑ and ⌃⌥↓ to adjust the time of the event. This also works with multiple events selected.
In Week view, press ⌥⌘← and ⌥⌘→ to shift the view by a single day.

Messages

Press ⌘R to directly reply to the latest message in the conversation. Press ⇧⌘R to reply to the latest thread in the conversation.
Press ⌘T to bring up the tapback selector for the latest message. Use the 1-6 number keys to select a reaction.
Press ⌘E to edit the latest sent message.
Press ⌥↑ and ⌥↓ in the message input field to cycle through previously sent messages.
Press ⌘1-9 to jump to a pinned conversation.
Right-click on a message and select Show Times to view exact timestamps for each message.
Right-click the Messages icon in the Dock to quickly view and jump to unread conversations.

Photos

Drag an item to the “My Albums” header section to quickly create an album with that item.
After adding an item to an album, use ⌃⌘A to add other items to that same album.
When editing an image, hold down the M key to compare the modifications to the original.
Hold Option while launching Photos to choose a different photo library to open.
Drag a photo from the Photos app into a Finder window to quickly export the photo, or into the Mail or Messages app to attach the photo.
When editing an image, double-click an adjustment slider to reset it.
When editing an image, hold Option while holding the pointer over an adjustment slider to extend the adjustment range.
Hold Option while clicking the rotate button to reverse the rotation direction.
Hold Shift while cropping a photo to maintain the current aspect ratio, and hold Option to crop from the center of the photo.

TextEdit

In rich text mode, press Option-Tab to insert an outlined list.
Press Option-Escape to autocomplete the current word.
Press ⌃⌥⌘P in the find text field (⌘F) to access special search tokens.
Hold Option while selecting text to make vertical text selections.
The select line dialog (⌘L) supports the following formats: 1-3 selects lines 1-3 in the document +2 selects the 2nd line below the cursor -2 selects the 2nd line above the cursor +2-4 selects 3 lines, starting from 2 lines below the cursor -2-4 selects 3 lines, starting from 2 lines above the cursor

Terminal

Press ⇧⌘A to select the output from the previous command.
Press ⌘L to clear the output from the previous command.
Press ⌃⌘V to paste and format text that is properly escaped for the shell.
Press ⌃T while a command is executing to view runtime statistics about the execution so far.
Press ⌘{↑,↓} to select the previous/next commands. Then press ⇧⌘A to select the output of the currently selected command.
Press ⇧⌘I to set a title for the current window and tab.
Drag a file or folder into a Terminal window to insert its full path. Alternatively, copy a file or folder in Finder and paste it in Terminal to insert its path.

Calculator

Press ⌘T to open a new window that keeps a running history of calculations.
Press ⌘R to enable Reverse Polish notation (RPN) mode.
Press p to insert pi.
Right-click the number display and select “Large Type” to view the current result in a large overlay window.
Use the Convert menu to perform various unit conversions.
In Programmer view (⌘3), click the individual binary bits to toggle between 0 and 1.

QuickTime Player

Grab a single frame from a video by pausing on the desired frame (using the Left and Right arrow keys to navigate individual frames) and pressing ⌘C.

Photo Booth

Hold Option while taking a picture to skip the countdown.
Hold Shift while taking a picture to disable the screen flash.
When choosing one of the distortion effects (on the third page), click and drag the cursor on the image preview to change the effects origin.

How Core Git Developers Configure Git

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 15:46:00 +0800

How Core Git Developers Configure Git

# clearly makes git better

[column]
 ui = auto
[branch]
 sort = -committerdate
[tag]
 sort = version:refname
[init]
 defaultBranch = main
[diff]
 algorithm = histogram
 colorMoved = plain
 mnemonicPrefix = true
 renames = true
[push]
 default = simple
 autoSetupRemote = true
 followTags = true
[fetch]
 prune = true
 pruneTags = true
 all = true

# why the hell not?

[help]
 autocorrect = prompt
[commit]
 verbose = true
[rerere]
 enabled = true
 autoupdate = true
[core]
 excludesfile = ~/.gitignore
[rebase]
 autoSquash = true
 autoStash = true
 updateRefs = true

# a matter of taste (uncomment if you dare)

[core]
 # fsmonitor = true
 # untrackedCache = true
[merge]
 # (just 'diff3' if git version < 2.3)
 # conflictstyle = zdiff3
[pull]
 # rebase = true

Configuring SSH Keys for Multiple GitHub Accounts

Tue, 11 Feb 2025 15:06:00 +0800

Configuring SSH Keys for Multiple GitHub Accounts

Use Different Host values

Host github.com
 HostName github.com
 User git
 IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_fry_ed25519

Host github-plnx
 HostName github.com
 User git
 IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_fry_plnx_ed25519

# Instead of the actual URL
$ git clone git@github.com:planet-express/delivery_service.git

# Substitue in our custom Host value for the `github.com` part
$ git clone git@github-plnx:planet-express/delivery_service.git

Automate Substituting the Host

[include]
 path = ~/.gitconfig_custom

# See custom `Host github-plnx` in ~/.ssh/config
[url "github-plnx:planet-express"]
 insteadOf = git@github.com:planet-express

iTerm2 features I find useful

Sun, 09 Feb 2025 08:52:00 +0800

iTerm2 features I find useful

Show Timestamps ==> ⌘+Shift+E
Alert on next prompt ==> ⌘+Option+A
Jump between prompts ==> ⌘+Shift+Down
Hotkeys to scroll one line at a time ==> ⌘+Up and ⌘+Down
Rearrange tabs with hotkeys ==> Ctrl+Shift+B and Ctrl+Shift+F

GitLab CI Can Automatically Check Code Quality! How to Use SonarQube for Code Quality Checks?

Thu, 06 Feb 2025 12:01:22 +0800

GraphQL Introspection Query

Thu, 02 Jan 2025 15:32:00 +0800

query IntrospectionQuery {
 __schema {
 queryType {
 name
 }
 mutationType {
 name
 }
 subscriptionType {
 name
 }
 types {
 ...FullType
 }
 directives {
 name
 description
 locations
 args {
 ...InputValue
 }
 }
 }
}

fragment FullType on __Type {
 kind
 name
 description
 fields(includeDeprecated: true) {
 name
 description
 args {
 ...InputValue
 }
 type {
 ...TypeRef
 }
 isDeprecated
 deprecationReason
 }
 inputFields {
 ...InputValue
 }
 interfaces {
 ...TypeRef
 }
 enumValues(includeDeprecated: true) {
 name
 description
 isDeprecated
 deprecationReason
 }
 possibleTypes {
 ...TypeRef
 }
}

fragment InputValue on __InputValue {
 name
 description
 type {
 ...TypeRef
 }
 defaultValue
}

fragment TypeRef on __Type {
 kind
 name
 ofType {
 kind
 name
 ofType {
 kind
 name
 ofType {
 kind
 name
 ofType {
 kind
 name
 ofType {
 kind
 name
 ofType {
 kind
 name
 ofType {
 kind
 name
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
}